Classification of Living Organisms
Biological classification compares shared and salient characters to define organisms, relate groups and understand evolutionary relationships.
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8 bilingual articles
Need and Basis of Classifying Living Organisms
Biological classification compares shared and salient characters to define organisms, relate groups and understand evolutionary relationships.
Open article →Historical Development of Kingdom Classification
Theophrastus and Aristotle used visible characters; Linnaeus, Haeckel, Copeland and Whittaker later proposed two-, three-, four- and five-kingdom systems.
Open article →Criteria of Whittaker's Five-Kingdom Classification
Whittaker's system classifies living organisms using cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationship.
Open article →Cell Type and Organization Across the Five Kingdoms
Monera is prokaryotic; the other kingdoms are eukaryotic, while organization and cell-wall composition separate microbes, fungi, plants and animals.
Open article →Nutrition, Motility and Examples in the Five Kingdoms
The five kingdoms differ in autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition, motility and representative organisms ranging from bacteria to animals.
Open article →Merits and Limitations of Five-Kingdom Classification
The system separates fungi and reflects cell complexity, nutrition and phylogeny, yet Monera and Protista remain heterogeneous and viruses are excluded.
Open article →Three Domains and the Revised Six-Kingdom System
Woese used molecular and membrane evidence for Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya; Cavalier-Smith's revision divided Monera into two kingdoms.
Open article →Seven-Kingdom Classification and the Chromista Kingdom
The seven-kingdom extension separates Prokaryota and Eukaryota and recognizes Chromista alongside Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
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