Environment and Ecology
An ecosystem integrates living and non-living factors; its setting and producer, consumer and decomposer groups create a measurable trophic structure.
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Environment and Ecology: Ecosystem Structure and Standing Crop
An ecosystem integrates living and non-living factors; its setting and producer, consumer and decomposer groups create a measurable trophic structure.
Open article →Environment and Ecology: Sunlight, Productivity and NPP
Photosynthetically active radiation powers producer growth; gross and net primary productivity measure biomass before and after respiration.
Open article →Environment and Ecology: Trophic Levels and Energy Flow
Energy moves one way from sunlight through producers and consumers; thermodynamic limits and the ten-percent law explain its decline at successive levels.
Open article →Environment and Ecology: Food Chains, Webs and Pyramids
Linear feeding pathways combine into stabilising food webs, while pyramids of number, biomass and energy compare successive trophic levels.
Open article →Environment and Ecology: Decomposition and Nutrient Cycles
Decomposers transform detritus and release nutrients that move through carbon and phosphorus cycles between organisms and the physical environment.
Open article →Environment and Ecology: Ecosystem Types, Ponds and Services
Natural and artificial ecosystems include terrestrial and aquatic forms; a pond demonstrates self-regulation, while services describe benefits people receive from nature.
Open article →Environment and Ecology: Management, Restoration and Succession
Ecosystem management balances ecological and human needs; restoration repairs damage, while succession explains ordered community replacement after disturbance.
Open article →Environment and Ecology: Natural Resources, Sustainability and Forests
Environmental management links resource classification and careful use with forest habitats, carbon storage, climate regulation and ecological balance.
Open article →Environment and Ecology: Deforestation, Wildlife and Biodiversity
Deforestation removes habitats and ecological services; wildlife decline shows why conserving forests and natural populations is essential to biodiversity.
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