Evolution
Evolution begins with heritable population change and connects early Earth chemistry, experimental evidence and the emergence of first cells.
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11 bilingual articles
Evolution: Origin of Life, Chemical Evolution and First Cells
Evolution begins with heritable population change and connects early Earth chemistry, experimental evidence and the emergence of first cells.
Open article →Evolution: Geological Time, Fossil Dating and Fossilization
Geological divisions organise Earth's history, while fossil dating and preservation reveal when organisms lived and how lineages changed.
Open article →Evolution: Anatomical, Embryological and Molecular Evidence
Homology, analogy, vestiges, embryo development and conserved molecules provide complementary evidence for evolutionary relationships.
Open article →Evolution: Lamarck, Darwin and Natural Selection
Lamarck linked use and disuse with acquired characters, while Darwin explained differential survival through variation and natural selection.
Open article →Evolution: Mutation, Modern Synthesis and Industrial Melanism
Mutation and recombination generate heritable variation, while modern synthesis explains how selection changes its frequency in populations.
Open article →Evolution: Adaptive Radiation and Darwin's Finches
Adaptive radiation produces related species suited to different habitats, illustrated by Darwin's finches and Australian marsupials.
Open article →Evolution: Microevolution, Gene Flow and Genetic Drift
Microevolution is change within populations as selection, migration, drift, mutation and recombination alter allele frequencies over generations.
Open article →Evolution: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Allele Frequencies
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium supplies a quantitative baseline: without evolutionary forces, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant.
Open article →Evolution: Human Lineage and Major Evolutionary Changes
The textbook traces a broad human lineage through primate relatives and hominins, linking anatomy, tool use, culture and dispersal.
Open article →Evolution: Reproductive Isolation and Speciation
Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers restrict gene flow; persistent isolation and divergence can produce new species in the same or separate areas.
Open article →Evolution: Species, Mass and Global Extinction
Extinction can remove one species, many lineages in an ecosystem or major groups worldwide, reshaping habitats and later evolution.
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