Genetics
Genetics explains inheritance and variation through classical, molecular, population and quantitative approaches.
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9 bilingual articles
Genetics Foundations: Branches, Heredity and Variation
Genetics explains inheritance and variation through classical, molecular, population and quantitative approaches.
Open article →Genetics Methods: Mendel's Experiment and Key Terms
Mendel used pure lines and controlled crosses; genes, alleles, genotype and phenotype describe the results.
Open article →Genetics: Monohybrid Cross, Mendel's Laws and Ratios
A monohybrid cross reveals dominance and segregation through predictable F1 and F2 genotype and phenotype ratios.
Open article →Genetics: Test Cross, Backcross and Genotype Diagnosis
A test cross reveals whether a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous; every test cross is a recessive backcross.
Open article →Genetics: Dihybrid Cross and Independent Assortment
A dihybrid cross tracks two genes and shows how independent assortment creates four gametes and new trait combinations.
Open article →Genetics Extensions: Dominance, Lethal Genes and Epistasis
Gene interactions extend simple Mendelian patterns through incomplete dominance, codominance, lethality, pleiotropy and epistasis.
Open article →Genetics: Polygenic Inheritance and Continuous Variation
Polygenic inheritance combines additive effects of several genes to produce graded phenotypes such as wheat kernel colour.
Open article →Genetics: Cytoplasmic and Extra-nuclear Inheritance
Cytoplasmic inheritance transmits traits through chloroplast or mitochondrial genes and can produce maternal reciprocal-cross effects.
Open article →Genetics: Atavism and Ancestral Trait Reappearance
Atavism is the reappearance of an ancestral biological trait after it has been absent through intervening generations.
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