Acids, Bases and Salts
Acids form hydrogen ions, bases form hydroxyl ions and their mutual reaction produces salt; all three are common in daily life.
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Acids, Bases and Salts in Everyday Life
Acids form hydrogen ions, bases form hydroxyl ions and their mutual reaction produces salt; all three are common in daily life.
Open article →Acids in Water and Hydronium Formation
Arrhenius acids furnish H⁺ or H₃O⁺ in water; hydrogen ions combine with water and acids show their properties only in aqueous solution.
Open article →Classification of Acids
Acids may be classified as organic or mineral, mono/di/tribasic, strong or weak, and concentrated or dilute.
Open article →Properties and Reactions of Acids
Acids conduct electricity in water, turn blue litmus red, and react with metals, carbonates, oxides and bases in predictable ways.
Open article →Aqua Regia: Composition, Properties and Uses
Aqua regia is a yellow-orange, highly corrosive 3:1 mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids that can dissolve noble metals.
Open article →Bases, Alkalis and Hydroxyl-Ion Formation
Arrhenius bases ionise in water to form OH⁻; soluble bases are alkalis, and bases react with acids to form salt and water.
Open article →Classification of Bases
Bases may be monoacidic, diacidic or triacidic; strong or weak; concentrated or dilute according to hydroxyl capacity and ionisation.
Open article →Properties and Reactions of Bases
Bases are bitter, soapy and conductive in water; their reactions produce salts, water, hydrogen or ammonia according to the reactant.
Open article →Acid-Base Indicators
Litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange identify whether a solution is acidic or basic through characteristic colour changes.
Open article →pH Scale for Acidic, Neutral and Basic Solutions
The pH scale measures hydrogen-ion concentration from 0 to 14: acids are below 7, neutral solutions equal 7 and bases are above 7.
Open article →Formation and Types of Salts
Salts form through acid-base reactions and are classified as normal, acid, basic or double salts according to formation and neutralisation.
Open article →Physical Properties and Solubility of Salts
Salts are mostly high-melting crystalline solids; many dissolve in water, while colour, crystal form and moisture absorption vary.
Open article →Water of Crystallisation in Hydrated Salts
Water of crystallisation is chemically associated with salt crystals; its fixed count appears after a dot and may control crystal colour.
Open article →Identification Tests for Salts
Salt identification combines preliminary physical observations with dry heating, flame tests and the carbon-dioxide test for carbonates.
Open article →Uses of Acids, Bases and Salts
Common acids, hydroxides and salts support food preservation, medicine, cleaning, construction, manufacturing, bleaching and fire safety.
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