Carbon and its Compounds
Catenation, tetravalency and multiple bonding explain carbon's enormous variety of covalent compounds and their common properties.
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Carbon Bonding and Organic Properties
Catenation, tetravalency and multiple bonding explain carbon's enormous variety of covalent compounds and their common properties.
Open article →Carbon Chain and Ring Classification
Organic compounds divide into open-chain and cyclic classes; bond type and ring composition create saturated, unsaturated, carbocyclic and heterocyclic branches.
Open article →Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen; their single, double or triple bonds determine class, formula and the bromine-water saturation test.
Open article →Functional Groups and Homologous Series
Functional groups determine characteristic reactions, while homologous-series members share a formula pattern and differ successively by CH2 or 14 amu.
Open article →IUPAC Nomenclature Rules and Examples
Systematic organic names combine substituent prefix, carbon-count root and bond or functional-group suffix after parent-chain numbering.
Open article →Ethanol Fermentation, Properties and Reactions
Molasses fermentation yields ethanol through controlled dilution and yeast action; mapped reactions connect alcohol structure with characteristic products.
Open article →Ethanoic Acid Properties and Reactions
Oxidation of ethanol prepares ethanoic acid, whose acidity is demonstrated by metal, carbonate, base and decarboxylation reactions.
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