Chemical Equilibrium & Kinetics
A reversible reaction reaches dynamic equilibrium when opposing rates become equal while both reactions continue.
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Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium
A reversible reaction reaches dynamic equilibrium when opposing rates become equal while both reactions continue.
Open article →Law of Mass Action and Equilibrium Constant
The mass-action rate expressions yield the concentration equilibrium constant when opposing rates are equal.
Open article →Kp, Kc and Heterogeneous Equilibrium
Gas equilibria connect pressure and concentration constants through the change in gaseous stoichiometric moles.
Open article →Reaction Extent, Quotient and Direction
The magnitude of K indicates equilibrium extent, while comparing Q with K predicts the direction of change.
Open article →Le Chatelier Principle and Equilibrium Factors
An equilibrium system responds to a disturbance in the direction that reduces its effect.
Open article →Van't Hoff Equation and Temperature Dependence
Free energy connects spontaneity with K, and the Van't Hoff equation quantifies how K changes with temperature.
Open article →Reaction Rate, Stoichiometry and Measurement
Reaction rate measures concentration change per time and is normalized by balanced-equation coefficients.
Open article →Rate Law, Order and Molecularity
A rate law relates rate to reactant concentrations through experimentally determined orders and a rate constant.
Open article →Integrated Rate Laws: First, Zero and Pseudo-First Order
Integrated rate laws connect concentration and time for first- and zero-order reactions, including pseudo-first-order conditions.
Open article →Half-Life of Zero- and First-Order Reactions
Half-life is the time for reactant concentration to fall to half, with different concentration dependence by order.
Open article →Collision Theory, Activation Energy and Arrhenius Equation
Effective collisions require sufficient energy and orientation; Arrhenius theory connects the rate constant with temperature.
Open article →Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Reaction rate depends on reactant nature and state, concentration, surface area, temperature and catalysts.
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