Monsson, Rainfall, Weather & Climate
Weather describes atmospheric conditions at a place and time; climate is their long-period average, commonly calculated over about 35 years.
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Weather, Climate and Their Elements
Weather describes atmospheric conditions at a place and time; climate is their long-period average, commonly calculated over about 35 years.
Open article →Controls of Weather and Climate
Sun angle, day length, altitude, land and water, mountain orientation, air pressure, winds and ocean currents shape regional weather and climate.
Open article →Rainfall Formation, Distribution and Measurement
Condensed water falls under gravity as rain, supports the water cycle, generally decreases from equator to poles and is measured with a rain gauge.
Open article →Convectional, Cyclonic and Orographic Rainfall
Air rises by surface heating, frontal convergence or mountain barriers to produce convectional, cyclonic and orographic rainfall respectively.
Open article →Air Pressure Systems and Wind Movement
Standard sea-level pressure is 1013.25 millibars; pressure differences drive wind from high to low pressure and influence cloud, rain and fair weather.
Open article →Humidity, Saturation and Relative Humidity
Humidity measures atmospheric water vapour; relative humidity compares actual vapour with capacity at that temperature, and 100% marks saturation.
Open article →Planetary, Seasonal and Local Winds
Trade winds, westerlies and polar easterlies form planetary belts; monsoons reverse seasonally, while land and sea breezes act locally.
Open article →Global Monsoon Mechanism and Indian Seasons
Monsoon is a seasonal wind reversal linked to migrating pressure belts and the ITCZ; India experiences winter, summer, southwest and northeast monsoon seasons.
Open article →Southwest Monsoon Onset and Two Branches
The southwest monsoon advances from southern India and divides into Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branches whose rainfall is strongly shaped by relief.
Open article →Northeast Monsoon and Tamil Nadu Rainfall
Retreating winds turn northeasterly, gather moisture over the Bay of Bengal and bring important October–December rain to Tamil Nadu and the southeast coast.
Open article →Rainfall Distribution and Regional Contrasts in India
India's rainfall is highly uneven: western-coast and northeastern windward regions are wet, while interiors and rain-shadow areas receive much less.
Open article →Article access
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