Indus Valley Civilization
Harappa was the first site discovered, so the civilisation bears its name even though its settlements extended far beyond the Indus river valley.
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Harappa Discovery, Name and Geographic Extent
Harappa was the first site discovered, so the civilisation bears its name even though its settlements extended far beyond the Indus river valley.
Open article →Planned Harappan Cities, Streets and Drainage
Fortified settlements, ordered streets and lanes, drainage and durable brick construction reveal deliberate Harappan urban planning.
Open article →Great Bath, Granary and Political Inference
The Great Bath and large public structures show organized construction, while their functions and Harappan political system remain partly interpretive.
Open article →Agriculture, Pastoralism and Painted Pottery
Wheat, barley, millets, double cropping, herd animals and painted vessels reveal the Harappan food economy and material culture.
Open article →Harappan Crafts, Metals, Textiles and Art
Chert, copper, bronze, cotton, silk, beads, bangles, sculpture and toys demonstrate specialized craft production and artistic skill.
Open article →Trade, Seals, Standard Weights and Binary Ratio
West Asian finds show long-distance exchange, while cubical chert weights and balance pans reveal standardized measurement in a doubling sequence.
Open article →Harappan Seals, Script and Decipherment Limits
Seals aided exchange and carried a short, generally right-to-left script that remains undeciphered because long and bilingual texts are absent.
Open article →Harappan Society, Beliefs, Burials and Art
Farmers, pastoralists, craftspeople and traders lived in towns and villages; artifacts suggest worship and funerary customs without revealing a complete creed.
Open article →Early, Mature and Late Harappan Phases
Three chronological phases frame Harappan development, and urban decline after about 1900 BCE involved debated causes rather than total disappearance.
Open article →Tamil Nadu Symbol Comparisons and Evidence Limits
Signs on a Mayiladuthurai stone celt and Poompuhar-area pottery have been compared with Indus symbols, but resemblance is not decipherment.
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