European Invasion
Constantinople's capture redirected Europeans toward the sea; Diaz rounded southern Africa, and voyages by Vasco da Gama and Cabral opened sustained Portuguese contact with India.
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European Invasion: Sea-Route Search and Portuguese Arrival, 1453-1501
Constantinople's capture redirected Europeans toward the sea; Diaz rounded southern Africa, and voyages by Vasco da Gama and Cabral opened sustained Portuguese contact with India.
Open article →European Invasion: Portuguese Power, Administration and Legacy, 1502-1563
From Pulicat control and Almeida's naval policy to Albuquerque's Goa base and Nino de Cunha's expansion, Portuguese authority linked forts, ports, printing and commercial-cultural change.
Open article →European Invasion: Trading Companies and Mughal Concessions, 1600-1615
English and Dutch chartered companies established factories and competed with Portugal; naval victories and missions by Hawkins and Roe secured a stronger English position at the Mughal court.
Open article →European Invasion: Danish, French and British Settlements, 1616-1676
Danish, British and French ventures expanded the coastal company network through Tranquebar, Madras, Surat, Bombay, Masulipatam, Pondicherry, Chandranagore and Serampore.
Open article →European Invasion: Fortified Centres and European Rivalry, 1690-1742
Dutch and English headquarters shifted as Calcutta grew around Fort William; Swedish trade began, Portuguese pockets contracted, and Dupleix strengthened French ambitions at Pondicherry.
Open article →European Invasion: Company Political Power and European Decline, 1757-1858
Plassey and Buxar transformed the English company into a political power as Dutch and Danish settlements disappeared; in 1858 India passed from Company rule to the British Crown.
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