Indian National Congress
English-educated professionals, print networks, early political associations and an economic critique of colonialism prepared the all-India foundation for the Congress.
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Indian National Congress: National Consciousness and Associations, 1852-1885
English-educated professionals, print networks, early political associations and an economic critique of colonialism prepared the all-India foundation for the Congress.
Open article →Indian National Congress: Foundation, First Session and Demands, 1885
The Congress emerged as an all-India organisation in 1885, held its first session on 28 December, adopted constitutional methods and framed a ten-part reform programme.
Open article →Indian National Congress: Moderate-Militant Transition and Bengal Partition, 1905
Limited results from moderate petitions strengthened militant self-help, while Bengal's 1905 partition generated widespread protest and a new nationalist phase.
Open article →Indian National Congress: Swadeshi Programmes, Trends and Swaraj, 1905-1911
The Swadeshi movement combined moderate, constructive, militant and revolutionary trends with boycott, national education, indigenous industry, passive resistance and the goal of Swaraj.
Open article →Indian National Congress: Home Rule Movement and Objectives, 1914-1918
Indian support for Britain in 1914 created expectations of reform; Tilak and Annie Besant revived and radicalised the movement through Home Rule leagues and constitutional self-government goals.
Open article →Indian National Congress: Lucknow Pact and British Response, 1916-1919
Congress reunited and reached the 1916 Lucknow Pact with the Muslim League, but limited constitutional concessions and the 1919 Rowlatt Act ended wartime expectations.
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