Emergence
Begin with the purpose, constitutional location and differences among National Emergency, President's Rule and Financial Emergency.
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7 bilingual articles
Emergency Provisions: Part XVIII and the Three Types
Begin with the purpose, constitutional location and differences among National Emergency, President's Rule and Financial Emergency.
Open article →National Emergency: Article 352 Declaration, Approval and Revocation
Follow Article 352 from its three grounds and written Cabinet advice through approval, six-month renewal and Lok Sabha revocation safeguards.
Open article →National Emergency Effects: Federalism, Legislatures and Rights
Understand the temporary changes to Union-State power, legislative terms and Fundamental Rights, especially the Article 358-359 distinction.
Open article →National Emergency History: 1962, 1971, 1975 and Safeguards
Place all three National Emergency proclamations in chronology and connect the 1975 experience to the 44th Amendment safeguards.
Open article →President's Rule: Articles 355, 356 and 365
Learn the constitutional trigger, approval, duration, consequences and restoration logic of President's Rule in a State.
Open article →Article 356 Judicial Review: S.R. Bommai and Proper Use
Use the Bommai safeguards to distinguish genuine constitutional breakdown from political disagreement or an untested claim of lost majority.
Open article →Financial Emergency: Article 360 Process and Effects
Learn the trigger, parliamentary control, duration and financial consequences of Article 360, including its never-used status.
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