Fundamental Rights
Learn the Articles 12–35 range, American inspiration, six-right structure, Magna Carta status and who may claim Fundamental Rights.
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8 bilingual articles
Fundamental Rights: Part III, Number and Constitutional Status
Learn the Articles 12–35 range, American inspiration, six-right structure, Magna Carta status and who may claim Fundamental Rights.
Open article →Right to Equality: Articles 14 to 18 Explained
Study equality before law, prohibited discrimination, equal public-employment opportunity, abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles.
Open article →Right to Freedom: Articles 19 to 22 and Article 21A
Learn the six Article 19 freedoms, safeguards under Articles 20–22, life and personal liberty, and elementary education under Article 21A.
Open article →Rights Against Exploitation and to Religion: Articles 23–28
Study trafficking, forced labour, child employment and the four constitutional protections for conscience, religious practice, management, taxes and instruction.
Open article →Cultural and Educational Rights and the Property Right Change
Learn Articles 29–30 for minority language, script, culture and institutions, plus the 1978 change from Article 31 to legal right Article 300A.
Open article →Golaknath and Kesavananda Bharati: Fundamental Rights and Amendment Power
Trace the Supreme Court's 1967 Golaknath ruling and the 24 April 1973 Kesavananda Bharati basic-structure limit on Parliament's amendment power.
Open article →Article 32 and Five Writs: Meaning and Functions
Understand constitutional remedies, why Article 32 is the Constitution’s heart and soul, and how Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto differ.
Open article →Suspension of Fundamental Rights and FR–DPSP Comparison
Learn the textbook’s Article 352 and Article 19 emergency rule, parliamentary approval, and how Fundamental Rights differ from Directive Principles.
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