Nuclear Physics
Unstable nuclei decay to more stable nuclei while emitting radiation; this may occur spontaneously or be artificially induced.
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Radioactivity and Its Natural and Artificial Forms
Unstable nuclei decay to more stable nuclei while emitting radiation; this may occur spontaneously or be artificially induced.
Open article →Radioactivity and Exposure Units
Curie, rutherford and becquerel quantify disintegration rate; one roentgen is the gamma/X-ray exposure that produces 2.58 × 10⁻⁴ C of charge in 1 kg of air under standard conditions.
Open article →Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decay
Alpha, beta and gamma decay differ in the emitted radiation and in how mass number, atomic number or nuclear energy changes.
Open article →Radioactive Displacement Law
The Soddy-Fajan laws predict the daughter nucleus: alpha lowers A by four and Z by two, while beta leaves A unchanged and raises Z by one.
Open article →Nuclear Fission, Fissile and Fertile Materials
Neutron-induced fission splits a heavy nucleus and releases energy and neutrons; fissile and fertile materials differ in their role.
Open article →Chain Reaction and Its Control
Fission neutrons multiply through a self-propagating chain, while neutron absorbers keep a controlled reaction sustained for useful energy.
Open article →Critical Mass and Neutron Loss
A chain reaction is sustained only when fissile mass is sufficient for neutron production to overcome leakage and absorption losses.
Open article →Fission Energy and the Electron Volt
A uranium-235 fission releases about 3.2 × 10⁻¹¹ J or 200 MeV; electron volt and megaelectron volt express particle energy.
Open article →Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear fusion releases energy when two lighter nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus.
Open article →Mass Defect and Mass-Energy Equivalence
The difference between parent and daughter nuclear masses is mass defect, converted to energy according to E = mc².
Open article →Fusion Conditions and Stellar Energy
Very high temperature and pressure let hydrogen nuclei overcome repulsion; fusion in stellar cores supplies their light and heat.
Open article →Applications of Radioisotopes
Radioisotopes support agriculture, medical diagnosis and therapy, industrial inspection and radiocarbon dating.
Open article →Radiation Exposure and Protection
Radiation safety combines edition-qualified exposure figures, dosimetry, lead shielding, remote handling and contamination precautions.
Open article →Nuclear Reactor and Its Components
A reactor sustains controlled fission; fuel, moderator, control rods, coolant and shielding enable safe electricity generation.
Open article →Article access
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