Sound
Vibrating bodies produce sound energy, and acoustics studies its production, transmission, reception, control and effects.
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Sound: Vibration, Medium and Acoustics
Vibrating bodies produce sound energy, and acoustics studies its production, transmission, reception, control and effects.
Open article →Sound: Longitudinal Waves, Compressions and Rarefactions
Sound transfers energy through high- and low-pressure regions while particles oscillate around mean positions.
Open article →Sound: Wave Quantities and Fundamental Equations
Amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength and speed describe a sound wave and are connected by two fundamental relations.
Open article →Sound: Loudness, Pitch, Timbre and Hearing Range
Amplitude controls loudness, frequency controls pitch, timbre identifies sources, and frequency separates hearing ranges.
Open article →Sound: Speed and Its Influencing Factors
Sound speed depends on elasticity and density and, in gases, rises with temperature and humidity.
Open article →Sound: Reflection Laws, Boundaries and Surfaces
Sound obeys reflection laws, while boundary stiffness and curvature determine phase and concentration.
Open article →Sound: Echo, Reverberation and Acoustic Design
Delayed reflection forms an echo, repeated reflections cause reverberation, and design controls persistence.
Open article →Sound: Ultrasound, Echolocation and SONAR
Ultrasound exceeds human hearing and its reflections reveal internal structure, flaws, prey and underwater distance.
Open article →Sound: Music and Musical Instruments
Regular vibrations produce music, while air columns, reeds, strings and membranes create characteristic sounds.
Open article →Sound: Human Voice, Ear and Hearing
Air vibrates vocal cords to make voice, and the ear converts pressure variations into signals interpreted by the brain.
Open article →Sound: Noise Pollution, Health Effects and Control
Irregular unwanted sound becomes pollution, harms health and requires control at source and along its path.
Open article →Sound: Doppler Effect and Applications
Relative motion changes the frequency heard: approach raises apparent pitch and separation lowers it.
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